Chapter 12      Physical Properties of the Elements & Steel

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 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS

 

 

 

 

Electrons In Shell

 

 

 

 

 

 

Atomic

Atomic

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Melting Pt.

Boilin Pt.

 

 
 Element

Sym.

 No. Wt. K L M N O P Q C C Densitya Val.b
 Hydrogen H 1 1.008 1 --- --- --- --- --- --- -259.18 -252.8 g 0.0899 1+
                      --- --- L 0.070 ---
 Helium He 2 4.003 2 --- --- --- --- --- --- -272.2 -268.9 g 0.1785 Inert
                      (26 atm) --- L 0.147 ---
 Lithium Li 3 6.94 2 1 --- --- --- --- --- 186 1609 s 0.534 1+
 Beryllium Be 4 9.01 2 2 --- --- --- --- --- 1350 1530 s 1.85 2+
 Boron B 5 10.81 2 3 --- --- --- --- --- 2300 2550 s 2.3 3+
 Carbon C 6 12.01 2 4 --- --- --- --- --- ~3500 4200(?) s 3.51 4+
 Nitrogen N 7 14.01 2 5 --- --- --- --- --- -209.86 -195.8 g 1.2506 3-
                      --- --- L 0.808 ---
                      --- --- s 1.026 ---
 Oxygen O 8 16.00 2 6 --- --- --- --- --- -218.4 -183.0 g 1.429 2-
                      --- --- L 1.14 ---
                      --- --- s 1.426  
 Fluorine Ff 9 19.00 2 7 --- --- --- --- --- -223 -188.2 g 1.69 1-
                      --- --- L 1.108 ---
 Neon Ne 10 20.18 2 8 --- --- --- --- --- -248'67 -245.9 g 0.9002 Inert
                      --- --- L 1.204 ---
 Sodium Na 11 22.99 2 8 1 --- --- --- --- 97.5 880 s 0.97 1+
 Magnesium Mg 12 24.31 2 8 2 --- --- --- --- 650 1110 s 1.74 2+
 Aluminum Al 13 26.98 2 8 3 --- --- --- --- 660.2 2060 s 2.699 3+
 Silicon Si 14 28.09 2 8 4 --- --- --- --- 1430 2300 s 2.4 4+
 Phosphorus P 15 30.97 2 8 5 --- --- --- --- 44.1 280 s 1.82 5+

 

 

 

 

Electrons In Shell

 

 

 

 

 

 

Atomic

Atomic

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Melting Pt.

Boilin Pt.

 

 
 Element

Sym.

 No. Wt. K L M N O P Q C C Densitya Val.b
 Sulfur S 16 32.06 2 8 6 --- --- --- --- 119.0 246.2 s 2.07 2-
                      --- --- L 1.803 6+
 Chlorine Cl 17 35.45 2 8 7 --- --- --- --- -101 -34.7 g 3.214 1-
                      --- --- L 1.557 ---
                      --- --- s 1.9 ---
 Argon Ar 18 39.95 2 8 8 --- --- --- --- -189.4 -185.8 g 1.784 Inert
                      --- --- L 1.557 ---
                      --- --- s 1.9 ---
 Potassium K 19 39.10 2 8 8 1 --- --- --- 63 770 s 0.86 1+
 Calcium Ca 20 40.08 2 8 8 2 --- --- --- 850 1440 s 1.55 2+
 Scandium Sc 21 44.96 2 8 9 2 --- --- --- 1200 --- s 2.5 3+
 Titanium Ti 22 47.90 2 8 10 2 --- --- --- 1820 --- s 4.54 4+
 Vanadium V 23 50.94 2 8 11 2 --- --- --- 1735 3400 s 6.0 3+
                      --- --- --- 5+
 Chromium Cr 24 52.00 2 8 13 1 --- --- --- 1890 2500 s 7.19 3+
 Manganese Mn 25 54.94 2 8 13 2 --- --- --- 1245 2150 s 7.43 2+
 Iron Fe 26 55.85 2 8 14 2 --- --- --- 1539 2740 s 7.87 2+
                      --- --- --- 3+
 Cobalt Co 27 58.93 2 8 15 2 --- --- --- 1495 2900 s 8.9 2+
 Nickel Ni 28 58.71 2 8 16 2 --- --- --- 1455 2730 s 8.90 2+
 Copper Cu 29 63.54 2 8 18 1 --- --- --- 1083 2600 s 8.96 1+
 Zinc Zn 30 65.37 2 8 18 2 --- --- --- 419.46 906 s 7.133 2+
 Gallium Ga 31 69.72 2 8 18 3 --- --- --- 29.78 2070 s 5.91 3+
 Germanium Ge 32 72.59 2 8 18 4 --- --- --- 958 --- s 5.36 4+
 Arsenic As 33 74.92 2 8 18 5 --- --- --- 814 610 s 5.73 3+
                      (36 atm.) --- --- 5+

 

 

 

 

Electrons In Shell

 

 

 

 

 

 

Atomic

Atomic

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Melting Pt.

Boilin Pt.

 

 
 Element

Sym.

 No. Wt. K L M N O P Q C C Densitya Val.b
 Selenium Se 34 78.96 2 8 18 8 --- --- --- 220 680 s 4.81 2-
 Bromine Br 35 79.91 2 8 18 7 --- --- --- -7.2 19.0 s 3.12  
 Krypton Kr 36 83.80 2 8 18 8 --- --- --- -15 -152 g 3.708 Inert
                      --- --- L 2.155  
 Rubidium Rb 37 85.47 2 8 18 8 1 --- --- 39 680 s 1.53 1+
 Strontium Sr 38 87.62 2 8 18 8 2 --- --- 770 1380 s 2.6 2+
 Yttrium Y 39 88.91 2 8 18 9 2 --- --- 1490 --- s 5.51 3+
 Zirconium Zr 40 91.22 2 8 18 10 2 --- --- 1750 --- s 6.5 4+
 Niobium Nb 41 92.91 2 8 18 12 1 --- --- 2415 --- s 8.57 5+
 (Columbium) Cb                          
 Molybdenum Mo 42 95.94 2 8 18 13 1 --- --- 2625 4800 s 10.2 4+
 Ruthenium Ru 44 101.1 2 8 18 15 1 --- --- 2500 4900 s 12.2 4+
 Rhodium Rh 45 102.9 2 8 18 16 1 --- --- 1966 4500 s 12.44 3+
 Palladium Pd 46 106.4 2 8 18 18 --- --- --- 1554 4000 s 12.0 ---
 Silver Ag 47 107.9 2 8 18 18 1 --- --- 960.5 2210 s 10.49 1+
 Cadmium Cd 48 112.4 2 8 18 18 2 --- --- 320.9 765 s 8.65 2+
 Indium In 49 114.8 2 8 18 18 3 --- --- 156.4 --- s 7.31 3+
 Tin Sn 50 118.7 2 8 18 18 4 --- --- 231.9 2270 s 7.298 4+
 Antimony Sb 51 121.8 2 8 18 18 5 --- --- 630.5 1440 s 6.62 5+
 Tellurium Te 52 127.6 2 8 18 18 6 --- --- 450 1390 s 6.24 2-
 Iodine I 53 126.9 2 8 18 18 7 --- --- 114 183 s 4.93 1-
 Xenon Xe 54 131.3 2 8 18 18 8 --- --- -112 -108 g 5.851 Inert
                      --- --- L 3.52 ---
                      --- --- s 2.7 ---
 Cesium Cs 55 132.9 2 8 18 18 8 1 --- 28 690 s 1.9 1+
 Barium Ba 56 137.3 2 8 18 18 8 2 --- 704 1640 s 3.5 2+

 

 

 

 

Electrons In Shell

 

 

 

 

 

 

Atomic

Atomic

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Melting Pt.

Boilin Pt.

 

 
 Element

Sym.

 No. Wt. K L M N O P Q C C Densitya Val.b
 Rare earths La 57 138.9 2 8 18 18 8 2 --- --- --- --- 3+
  Lu 71 175.0 2 8 18 32 9 2 --- --- --- --- ---
 Hafnium Hf 72 178.5 2 8 18 32 10 2 --- 1700 --- s 11.4 4+
 Tantalum Ta 73 181.0 2 8 18 32 11 2 --- 2996 --- s 16.6 5+
 Tungsten W 74 183.9 2 8 18 32 12 2 --- 3410 5930 s 19.3 4+
 Rhenium Re 75 186.2 2 8 18 32 13 2 --- 3170 --- s 20 ---
 Osmium Os 76 190.2 2 8 18 32 14 2 --- 2700 5500 s 22.5 4+
 Iridium Ir 77 192.2 2 8 18 32 17 --- --- 2454 5300 s 22.5 4+
 Platinum Pt 78 195.1 2 8 18 32 17 1 --- 1773 4410 s 21.45 ---
 Gold Au 79 197.0 2 8 18 32 18 1 --- 1063 2970 s 19.32 1+
 Mercury Hg 80 200.6 2 8 18 32 18 2 --- -38.87 357 s 13.55 2+
 Thallium Tl 81 204.4 2 8 18 32 18 3 --- 300 1460 s 11.85 3+
 Lead Pb 82 207.2 2 8 18 32 18 4 --- 327.4 1740 s 11.34 2+
                      --- --- --- 4+
 Bismuth Bi 83 209.0 2 8 18 32 18 5 --- 271.3 1420 s 9.80 ---
 Polonium Po 84 210 2 8 18 32 18 6 --- 600 --- --- ---
 Astatine At 85 210 2 8 18 32 18 7 --- --- --- --- ---
 Radon Rn 86 222 2 8 18 32 18 8 --- -71 -61.8 --- Inert
 Francium Fa 87 223 2 8 18 32 18 8 1 --- --- --- ---
 Radium Ra 88 226 2 8 18 32 18 8 2 700 --- s 5.0 ---
 Actinium Ac 89 227 2 8 18 32 18 9 2 1600 --- --- ---
 Thorium Th 90 232 2 8 18 32 18 10 2 1800 --- s 11.5 4+
 Protactinium Pa 91 231 2 8 18 32 20 9 2 3000 --- --- ---

 

 

 

 

Electrons In Shell

 

 

 

 

 

 

Atomic

Atomic

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Melting Pt.

Boilin Pt.

 

 
 Element

Sym.

 No. Wt. K L M N O P Q C C Densitya Val.b
 Uranium U 92 238 2 8 18 32 21 9 2 1130 --- s 18.7 4+
 Neptunium Np 93 237 2 8 18 32 22 9 2 --- ---- --- ---
 Plutonium Pu 94 239 2 8 18 32 23 9 2 --- --- --- ---
 Americium Am 95 241 2 8 18 32 24 9 2 --- --- --- ---
 Curium Cm 96 242 2 8 18 32 25 9 2 --- --- --- ---
 Berkelium BK 97 249 2 8 18 32 26 9 2 --- --- --- ---
 Californium Cf 98 252 2 8 18 32 27 9 2 ---- --- --- ---
 Einsteinium E 99 254 2 8 18 32 28 9 2 --- --- --- ---
 a. Density measurement in g - g/l; L - g/cm3; s g/cm3; g - gas; L - liquid; s - solid.
 b. Most common valence.
 
 [ Go to Top]
 

 

 The Ferrous Metals Data Book

ne; border-width: medium" align="center"> 8 18 32 27 9 2 ---- --- --- ---  Einsteinium E 99 254 2 8 18 32 28 9 2 --- --- --- ---  a. Density measurement in g - g/l; L - g/cm3; s g/cm3; g - gas; L - liquid; s - solid.  b. Most common valence.    [ Go to Top]  

 

 The Ferrous Metals Data Book